{"id":15586,"date":"2024-03-12T12:55:35","date_gmt":"2024-03-12T09:55:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dogadernegi.org\/?page_id=15586"},"modified":"2026-04-01T13:27:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T10:27:23","slug":"ege-zeytin-meralari","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dogadernegi.org\/tr\/calismalarimiz\/ekosistemler\/ege-zeytin-meralari\/","title":{"rendered":"Ege Zeytin Meralar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Genel \u00d6zellikler<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege Zeytin Meralar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Ege B\u00f6lgesi’nde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Meralar, kuzeyde Edremit Koyu’ndan g\u00fcneyde Ayd\u0131n’\u0131n g\u00fcneyine kadar uzan\u0131r. Ege Zeytin Meralar\u0131, yabani zeytin (Olea oleaster) a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, yerli zeytin (Olea europea) \u00e7e\u015fitlerine a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131yla olu\u015fan antropojenik habitatlar olarak karakterize edilir. Bu meralarda ya\u015fayan a\u011fa\u00e7lar ve \u00e7al\u0131lar aras\u0131nda, en az as\u0131rl\u0131k bir zeytin a\u011fac\u0131; ak\u00e7akesme (Phillyrea latifolia), menengi\u00e7 (Pistacia terebinthus), \u00e7ilek a\u011fac\u0131 (Arbutus unedo) yabani armut (Pyrus pirasteri), incir (Ficus caria), me\u015fe (Quercus sp.), zakkum (Nerium oleander), armut (Pyrus communis), defne (Laurus nobilis), mersin (Myrtus communis)  gibi yerli a\u011fa\u00e7lar ve \u00e7al\u0131lar bulunabilmektedir. A\u011fa\u00e7 veya \u00e7al\u0131 bulunmayan yama\u00e7lar ise nadir bulunan ve s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bitki t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in de\u011ferli habitatlard\u0131r. Bu meralar genelde deniz seviyesinden 500-600 metre y\u00fcksektedir.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu alanlar i\u00e7erisinde bulunan da\u011flar; Kaz Da\u011flar\u0131, Yunt Da\u011flar\u0131, Bozda\u011flar<\/a>, Nif Da\u011f\u0131<\/a>, Spil Da\u011f\u0131<\/a>, Dilek Da\u011f\u0131, Ayd\u0131n Da\u011flar\u0131, Mente\u015fe Da\u011flar\u0131<\/a>\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu alanlar i\u00e7erisinde bulunan ovalar; Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Ovas\u0131, Gediz Ovas\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Ovas\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes Ovas\u0131, Menemen Delta Ovas\u0131, Balat Delta Ovas\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu alanlar i\u00e7erisinde bulunan nehirler; Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay, Gediz Nehri, B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes Nehri, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Nehri\u2019dir.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu habitatlar\u0131n zeytin meras\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in baz\u0131 kriterleri sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu kriterler \u015funlard\u0131r;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Zeytinin kirlilik yaratmayan y\u00f6ntemlerle \u00fcretiliyor olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Sadece insan ve hayvan g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak i\u015flenmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ke\u00e7i, koyun,inek ve evcil otobur hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n zeytinliklerin alt\u0131nda otlamas\u0131 yani ayn\u0131 zamanda mera olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Tellerle veya y\u00fcksek duvarlarla \u00e7evrilmemesi ve b\u00f6ylece yaban hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6zg\u00fcrce dola\u015fabilmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Makinelerle s\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Sulanmamas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Herhangi bir i\u015flem veya hasad\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r makineler ile yap\u0131lmamas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Kimyasal zehirlerin kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Bitki ve a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011finin zarar g\u00f6rmemesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nemli T\u00fcrler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nemli Do\u011fa Alanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege Zeytin Meralar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, \u00c7anakkale\u2019nin g\u00fcneyinden ba\u015flay\u0131p Mu\u011fla\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyine kadar devam eden alan i\u00e7erisinde d\u00f6rt  \u00d6nemli Do\u011fa Alan\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar; K\u0131z\u0131lda\u011f- Mahal Tepeleri, Dat\u00e7a- Bozburun Yar\u0131madalar\u0131<\/a>, Bat\u0131 Mente\u015fe Da\u011flar\u0131<\/a> \u00d6nemli Do\u011fa Alanlar\u0131\u2019d\u0131r.
<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kadim \u00dcretim Havzalar\u0131<\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege Zeytin Meralar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde ba\u015fta geleneksel zeytinya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretimi olmak \u00fczere hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, aromatik bitki toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k gibi kadim \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geleneksel zeytinya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretimi b\u00f6lge i\u00e7inde y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde devam etmektedir. Zeytin meralar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan zeytinler, bilinenin aksine dikilerek de\u011fil yabani zeytin delicenin o havzadaki yerel \u0131rkla a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.  Edremit Havzas\u0131’nda; Ayval\u0131k, \u015eakran, Midilli, Gemlik \u0131rklar\u0131, \u0130zmir Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda Erkence, \u00c7ak\u0131r \u0131rk\u0131, Mente\u015fe y\u00f6resinde ise Memecik, Tav\u015fan Y\u00fcre\u011fi yayg\u0131n olarak a\u015f\u0131lan\u0131p yeti\u015ftirilen \u0131rklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu havzalar i\u00e7erisinde yeti\u015ftirilen zeytin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine paralel olarak olu\u015fan k\u00fclt\u00fcrler de ayn\u0131 derecede zengindir. Zeytin meralar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumu \u00f6ncelikle maki denilen bir bitki toplulu\u011funun i\u00e7inde bulunan ve kendili\u011finden yeti\u015fen delice t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn o b\u00f6lgenin yerel \u0131rk zeytini ile a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flar. Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz as\u0131rda delicelerin etraf\u0131 yaban ke\u00e7isi, ala geyik gibi yabani otoburlar taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rken bu g\u00fcn yabani otoburlar\u0131n nesilleri t\u00fckendi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu ni\u015fi evcil otoburlar doldurmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koyun, ke\u00e7i, inek gibi  evcil otoburlar\u0131n zeytin meralar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde bulunmas\u0131, alandaki  topra\u011f\u0131 yumu\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 ve g\u00fcbrelenmesini sa\u011flar. Otlayan hayvanlar ayn\u0131 zamanda bu alanlarda orman i\u00e7i a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar olu\u015fturarak yang\u0131n riskini azalt\u0131r. Evcil otoburlar\u0131n zeytin meralar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu meralarda ot ilac\u0131, kimyasal g\u00fcbre kimyasal girdilerin kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geleneksel olarak hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve zeytincili\u011fin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor olmas\u0131 bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin s\u0131f\u0131r girdi ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Zeytincili\u011fin ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n birlikte yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 tellerle \u00e7evrilmeyen zeytin meralar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca zeytin, zeytinya\u011f\u0131 de\u011fil bir \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn elde edilebilmektedir. Ege Zeytin Meralar\u0131’nda bir y\u0131l boyunca ayn\u0131 anda veya ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k olarak \u00fcretilen veya toplanan \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Zeytinya\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– A\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n budanmas\u0131yla elde edilen k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k odun,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Odundan elde edilen k\u00fcl ve zeytinya\u011f\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan sabun,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

–  Zeytinli\u011fin i\u00e7erisinde otlayan hayvanlardan elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnler,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Yenilebilir ot ve mantarlar\u0131n toplanmas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Aromatik bitkilerin derlenmesi,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Zeytinli\u011fin i\u00e7indeki meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131ndan elde edilen meyve ve yemi\u015fler.  <\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zeytin meralar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde devam eden kadim \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri, bu meralarda var olan biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi desteklemektedir. Tellerle veya y\u00fcksek duvarlarla \u00e7evrilmeyen zeytin meralar\u0131nda yaban hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrce dola\u015fmas\u0131, ya\u015famas\u0131; tek y\u0131ll\u0131k ve \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k bitkilerin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131; otlatma rejimine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak  ekosistem dengesi bozulmadan devam etmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n zeytincilik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle birlikte s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmedi\u011fi alanlarda \u00f6ncelikle topra\u011f\u0131n fauna ve floras\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesinden kaynaklanan ekosistem kayb\u0131, b\u00f6lgedeki zeytin a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011fa daha yatk\u0131n olmas\u0131na sebep olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zeytin meralar\u0131nda \u00fcretim yapan \u00fcreticilerin ve bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri t\u00fcketenlerin sa\u011fl\u0131k ve refah d\u00fczeylerinin ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Bu standartlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 sonucunda s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015ften bug\u00fcne aktar\u0131lan zeytin meralar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kullan\u0131lan kadim \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri ku\u015faklar aras\u0131 aktar\u0131m\u0131 da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zeytin meralar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yap\u0131lan hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta, genellikle g\u00fcney bak\u0131da bulunan zeytinliklerin alt\u0131nda otlayan hayvanlar, zeytinlerin olgunla\u015fma ve yere d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde kuzey yama\u00e7larda bulunan makilik alanlarda otlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu rotasyon s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcney cephelerde bulunan zeytinliklerin bitki ve toprak yap\u0131s\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n alandan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte kendini yenileme ve dinlenme s\u00fcrecine girer. Kuzey b\u00f6lgelerdeki bitkilerin geli\u015fme h\u0131z\u0131,  burada halihaz\u0131rda bulunan nemin daha fazla olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 g\u00fcneye g\u00f6re daha fazlad\u0131r. Bu rotasyon sayesinde g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerde erozyon engellenirken, kuzey b\u00f6lgelerde de otlatma sonucunda a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k alana ihtiya\u00e7 duyan tek ve \u00e7ok y\u0131ll\u0131k otsu bitkilerin, ku\u015flar\u0131n, yaban hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege Zeytin Meralar\u0131’ndaki bir di\u011fer kadim \u00fcretim y\u00f6temi ise ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu meralarda yap\u0131lan ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta zeytinliklerin belli yerlerine yerle\u015ftiren kovanlarda, y\u0131l boyunca zeytin meralar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bulunan \u00e7i\u00e7ekli bitkilerden bal \u00fcretimi yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ar\u0131 kovanlar\u0131ndaki bal hasad\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7indeki d\u00f6ng\u00fcye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Ar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k yiyece\u011finin mutlaka fazlas\u0131yla b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan herhangi bir suni g\u0131da ile beslenmemesi geleneksel ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta en \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlardan biridir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan haz\u0131r g\u0131da ile yap\u0131lan besleme sonucunda olu\u015fabilecek hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 sentetik ila\u00e7lar\u0131n da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Zeytin meralar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00f6lgedeki  bitki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. Herbesit ve pesisit kullan\u0131lmayan zeytin meralar\u0131nda ar\u0131lar sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fayabilmektedir.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ege Zeytin Meralar\u0131’ndaki zeytinlerin dikim olmamas\u0131, zeytinliklerin s\u00fcr\u00fclmemesi ve i\u00e7erisinde di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131 ve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n ya\u015fayabilmesi de ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in olmazsa olmaz di\u011fer bir noktad\u0131r. Zeytinliklerin s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve var olan di\u011fer bitki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini yok edilmesi sonucunda monok\u00fclt\u00fcr zeytinlikler olu\u015fmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zeytin meralar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki di\u011fer bir di\u011fer kadim \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemi ise aromatik bitki toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu alanlarda, kendili\u011finden yeti\u015fen kekik, ada\u00e7ay\u0131, defne, karaba\u015f otu gibi aromatik bitkiler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu bitkiler y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde farkl\u0131 zaman aral\u0131klar\u0131nda hasat edilmektedir. Geleneksel \u015fifac\u0131l\u0131ktan, mutfak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne kadar pek \u00e7ok alanda i\u015flev g\u00f6ren aromatik bitkiler ayn\u0131 zamanda yerel ekonomiye de katk\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve aromatik  bitkiler aras\u0131nda da do\u011fal bir ba\u011f vard\u0131r. Aromatik bitki toplay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bitkilerin k\u00f6klenmemesi, ila\u00e7lanmamas\u0131 ve geleneksel hasat y\u00f6ntemlerine uygun olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 bitki \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine ve ar\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131na olumsuz bir etki yapmamaktad\u0131r.<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tehditler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n